Pathogenomics of the ralstonia solanacearum species. A ralstonia solanacearum strain from guatemala infects diverse flower crops, including new asymptomatic hosts vinca and sutera, and causes symptoms in geranium, mandevilla vine, and new host african daisy osteospermum ecklonis. At low concentrations of 3oh pame, phcr is phosphorylated by phcs and. Ralstonia solanacearum produced fludial colonies with pink or light red color on ttc media after 24 hours of inoculation 21,24,25 and 26.
Frontiers assessing the pathogenic ability of ralstonia. Ralstonia solanacearum a new threat to potato production. In colombia, this disease is important because of the ease of its. Phylogenetic and pathogenic variability of strains of ralstonia. It is sometimes called southern wilt or southern bacterial wilt in the northern hemisphere. Ralstonia solanacearum is also the causal agent of moko disease of banana and brown rot of potato. Bacterial wilt induced by the ralstonia solanacearum species complex is endemic to brazil, where it can cause variable losses in many hosts. For example strains belonging to mlgs 24, 25 and 28, which contain moko disease causing strains of ralstonia solanacearum, are equivalent to sequevars 3, 4 and 6 respectively. The organism has a very broad host range, infecting over 200.
In order to better describe and understand these adaptations, strains with very similar lifestyles and host specializations are grouped into ecotypes. The epidemic situation of moko diseasecausing strains in latin america and brazil is unclear. Moko disease, caused by the bacterium ralstonia solanacearum, is one of the most devastating diseases of banana and plantain. Diseases caused by strains and elose relatives ralstonia solanacearum continue to. Ralstonia solanacearum a new threat to potato production in serbia svetlana milijasevicmarcic, biljana todorovic, ivana potocnik, emil rekanovic, milos stepanovic, jelena mitrovic and bojan duduk institute of pesticides and environmental protection, banatska 31b, 11080 belgrade, serbia svetlana. It colonises the xylem, causing bacterial wilt in a very wide range of potential host plants. Moko disease and black sigatoka food and agriculture. The extensive genetic diversity of strains responsible for the various bacterial wilt diseases has in recent years led to the concept of an r. Moko disease in central and south america and in the philippines. Moko disease causing strains of ralstonia solanacearum from brazil extend known diversity in paraphyletic phylotype ii. Bacterial wilt caused by ralstonia solanacearum was reported for the first time at. Ralstonia solanacearum is an aerobic nonsporeforming, gramnegative, plant pathogenic bacterium. Smith multiplies readily in its hosts, but it is slower.
The disease epidemiology is poorly understood and little is known about the diversity of the bacterial populations associated with this disease. The bacterium forms irregular round, creamy colonies with red centres when cultured on kelmans tetrazolium. History and status of selected hosts of the ralstonia. Many strains have less than 70% dnadna homology, which has been considered a threshold level within a. One of the top ten bacteria in molecular plant pathology.
Ralstonia solanacearum is a phytopathogen and regulates virulence factors, extracellular polysaccharide eps, and endoglucanase, by quorum sensing. Its economic importance, however, cannot be precisely measured due to brazils continental size, subject to variable weather conditions which directly affect disease expression. Prior to december 1987, heliconia plants required a 9month postentry quarantine period which included the screening. Now considered to be a species complex, comprising r. Transfer of two burkholderia and an alcaligenes species to ralstonia gen. The spread of the pathogen from tree to tree or between fields can occur in many ways.
The bacterial wilt diseases caused by members of the ralstonia solanacearum species complex have never been more important. Susceptible greenhousegrown ornamentals include, but are not limited to, plants in the genera capsicum, cosmos, cyclamen, dahlia, fuschsia, gerbera, hydrangea, impatiens, lantana, nasturtium and pelargonium. The ralstonia solanacearum species complex includes r. On young and fastgrowing plants, the youngest leaves turn palegreen or yellow and collapse. Ralstonia solanacearum an overview sciencedirect topics. During march 2011 to june 2012, 170 banana plants associated with moko. Infects potatoes solanum tuberosum, eggplant solanum melongena, peppers capsicum annuum, tomatoes lycopersicon esculentum, geraniums, geranium carolinianum, ginger zingiber officinale and a few weed species including bittersweet celastrus orbiculatus, nightshade solanum karsense and stinging. All colonize plant xylem vessels and cause wilt diseases, but with significant biological differences. Nov 21, 2019 moko disease, caused by the bacterium ralstonia solanacearum, is one of the most devastating diseases of musa spp. A ralstonia solanacearum strain from guatemala infects.
This pathogen attacks all banana varieties and was first detected in mexico in the central basin of the state of chiapas in. The disease is always associated with moko disease caused by ralstonia solanacearum. The ancient soilborne plant vascular pathogen ralstonia solanacearum has evolved and adapted to cause severe damage in an unusually wide range of plants. This organism is the causal agent of brown rot of potato, bacterial wilt or southern wilt of tomato, tobacco, eggplant, and some ornamentals, and moko disease of banana 1, 8. It survives in infected plant tissues or other hosts all year round or in soils for periods of over 18 months. Bacterial wilts of tomato, pepper, eggplant, and irish potato caused by r. Upon comparative sequence analysis of 44 rs genomes we developed an improved pcr protocol based on the nucleotide sequence of a gene coding for a hypothetical duf33 domain protein. Phylogeny and population structure of brown rot and moko. We used comparative genomic hybridization cgh to investigate three particular ecotypes in.
Genome sequencing of more than 10 strains representative of the main phylogenetic groups has. Ralstonia syzygii, causal agent of sumatra disease of clove syzygium and the distinct blood disease bacterium, causal agent of blood disease of banana in indonesia, are closely related to r. Proposed 3oh pame regulation is shown in figure 38. Although local reports suggested that this disease is widespread in malaysia, molecular characterization of r. Ralstonia wilt also sometimes known as southern wilt is a usually lethal disease that affects over 250 plants in over 40 plant families. The plant disease moko, caused by ralstonia solanacearum, is. Detection of ralstonia solanacearum phylotype ii, race 2. Pdf on the life of ralstonia solanacearum, a destructive. Oct 12, 2015 moko disease caused by ralstonia solanacearum r. Moko diseasecausing strains of ralstonia solanacearum from brazil extend known diversity in paraphyletic phylotype ii. The objectives of this paper were i to gather scattered information on. Moko disease of banana the moko disease of banana is caused by the ralstonia solanacearum breed 2 pseudomonas solanacearum bacteria.
Moko disease bacterial wilt, vascular wilt, maduraviche, ereke. The epidemic situation of moko disease causing strains in latin america and brazil is unclear. Jun, 2018 bacterial wilt induced by the ralstonia solanacearum species complex is endemic to brazil, where it can cause variable losses in many hosts. Ralstonia solanacearum wikimili, the best wikipedia reader. Moko disease is a bacterial wilt caused by ralstonia solanacearum invading the vascular tissues of hosts. Pdf first report of moko disease caused by ralstonia. We used comparative genomic hybridization cgh to investigate three particular. Ralstonia solanacearum, a widespread bacterial plant. Categoria reglamentaria presente solo en algunas areas y sujeta a control oficial cipf, 2006. Ralstonia syzygii, the blood disease bacterium and some. Early infection, prior to flowering, causes abnormal development of the.
Its significance is to be attributed to its persistence, systemic nature, wide host range, broad geographical distribution, and huge genome plasticity elphinstone, 2005. This standard describes a diagnostic protocol for ralstonia solanacearum, ralstonia pseudosolanacearum and ralstonia syzygii, i. Burkholderia, pseudomonas solanacearum agricultural pests of the pacific adap 20002, reissued august 2000 isbn 1931435057 george c. Moko is a banana disease caused by the bacteria ralstonia solanacerum. Ralstonia solanacearum race 3 biovar 2 is a bacterial wilt causal agent of many plant species. A clear distinction is possible when fruits are affected. The disease in australia ralstonia solanacearum race 2 was first introduced into australia in 1989 on infected rhizomes of heliconia imported from hawaii. Ralstonia solanacearum is a relevant and widespread phytopathogenic bacterium that causes a wilt disease with deadly effects on many economically important crops and ornamentals. A strain of ralstonia solanacearum was associated with wilting and. Immature fruits of infected plants show yellowish color and dry rot of the pulp. Genetic diversity of ralstonia solanacearum phylotype ii. Nov proposal of ralstonia pickettii ralston, palleroni and doudoroff 1973 comb. First report of moko disease caused by ralstonia solanacearum race 2 in plantain musa aab in ecuador.
Moko diseasecausing strains of ralstonia solanacearum. Vascular wilt of banana and plantains, also known as moko disease, is caused by ralstonia solanacearum rs phylotype ii, and is the main bacterial disease affecting these crops in the americas. Phylogeny and population structure of brown rot and moko diseasecausing strains of ralstonia solanacearum phylotype ii g. Thirtyseven ralstonia solanacearum strains from brazil that cause the moko disease on banana and. Ralstonia solanacearum is a species complex with exceptional diversity amongst strains from different hosts and geographical origins. Solanaceous t his disease occurs in most warm tropical and subtropical regions of the world. Banana moko disease management with resistance inducers. High temperatures and high soil moisture generally favor the disease. Moko disease, caused by the bacterium ralstonia solanacearum, is one of the most devastating diseases of musa spp. It is known as granville wilt when it occurs in tobacco. Sep 08, 2011 the ralstonia solanacearum species complex includes r. Phylogenetic and pathogenic variability of strains of. Phylogeny and population structure of brown rot and moko disease causing strains of ralstonia solanacearum phylotype ii g. Inplanta comparative transcriptomics of hostadapted.
Ralstonia solanacearum is a major phytopathogen that attacks many crops and other plants over a broad geographical range. Isolation and identification of seed borne ralstonia. Ralstonia solanacearum species complex eppo global database. This bacterium is noted for diseases caused outdoors in land areas bounded by 45n and 45s latitudes where rainfall averages above 100 cm. Ralstonia solanacearum is a soilborne bacterium causing the widespread disease known as bacterial wilt. Denmark found but not established in ornamental musa, netherlands race 1 found incidentally in ornamental turmeric curcuma in the glasshouse, imported from. Bacterial wilt, caused by ralstonia solanacearum, is a very destructive plant disease that attacks over 450 different species, including many of the most important economic crop plants. Ralstonia solanacearum raza 2 nombre comun nombre comun espanol moko del platano, enfermedad del moko. Ralstonia solanacearum ralstonia solanacearum, previously known as pseudomonas solanacearum, is a bacterial pathogen composed of several different races and biovars distributed worldwide and causing diseases of agricultural and flowering plants. Although the virulence mechanisms of the model ralstonia solanacearum strain gmi have been extensively investigated in model host plants such as solanum lycopersicum tomato and arabidopsis thaliana, the genetically diverse ralstonia solanacearum species. Distribution maps of plant diseases, april edition 1. Final bacterial wilt manual 170506 plant health australia.
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